This work is about Geopolitics of Energy subject so please look Essay

This work is about Geopolitics of Energy subject so please look task standards for theme - Essay Example Nonetheless, in 2008 the thoughts of the obstructing shortage had an opposite impact with the makers needing to make a huge benefit before the reserveswere exhausted. This saw the costs rise consistently. At that rate the nation would spend a huge number of dollars on importation of oil and flammable gas. This would make a misery in the economy on account of the expanded exchange deficiency. The facts demonstrate that Asia is the new ground zero for development of vitality consumption.it is additionally evident that Asia will be answerable for 85% of the vitality utilization development on the planet in the following 20 years. This has seen Russia attempt to shape attaches with the east to set up a legitimate market for its hydrocarbon exports3. The undeniable finding from this would be that Russia would employ progressively geopolitical force in the following hardly any decades, which isn't probably going to be the case4. The current mechanical progressions have empowered quick extension of the shale gas industry in the US. In 10 years, the business has developed significantly with the item now in bountiful supply,seeing extraordinary decrease in costs. The strategy banter has snow moved to the amount of the nation’s vitality asset ought to be sent out. The reinforcing of the US’ geopolitical quality because of the move in ideal models of the worldwide vitality showcase has incredibly ruined China’s endeavor to be the worldwide pioneer. The most ideal approach to counter this impact is debilitate the collusions that the US has with states in the district. The outcome has been the uplifting of sea pressures in the locale with the East China Sea strife giving a decent illustration5. Both China and japan make a case for various topographical highlights found in the ocean. The highlights that involve a couple of islands and regional waters could give vitality saves and angling grounds6. Be that as it may, this isn't the main explanation for the contention. The key issue is that the waters are significant gag

Research Proposal on Literacy Essay Example

Research Proposal on Literacy Essay Education is the capacity of an individual to peruse scholarly sources to pick up information and find new fascinating realities valuable forever. In addition, education is likewise the capacity to compose utilizing appropriate complex gadgets and feel the language in the content. At that point, an individual who is viewed as abstract ought to have the option to peruse fundamentally, that implies have basic reasoning aptitudes. The vast majority who can peruse never attempt to comprehend the importance of the substance, some thought covered up there. No one figures out the real story. A scholarly individual who understands a lot and has keen and sound brain consistently attempts to discover more than written in the content: some recorded, social, social foundation of the substance; thought processes, which incited the writer compose this very work and bring this very character into the content. Clearly, proficiency has not generally been on its elevated level as these days. Indeed, even a few hundreds years back just thin circles of individuals could flaunt they can peruse. Each legislature of each nation commits a lot of time and cash to instructing education. Each knowledgeable individual who needs to exist regularly in out current society ought to have the option to peruse. without education one won't figure out how to get by in our troublesome distressing occasions. Indeed, even simply coming the road one ought to have the option to peruse, else he won't figure out how to arrive at the purpose of goal. The issue of proficiency is significant these days, since still there are nations which have incredibly low paces of education, in light of their poor practical foundation and political issues. A fruitful research proposition on proficiency ought to be an intriguing paper, which presents shiny new techniques and ideas, which are valuable to show education quicker, less expensive, simpler and progressively compelling. On the off chance that one figures out how to finish the paper that way, he will definitely dazzle the educator and get opportunity to c ompose an incredible research paper on the subject. We will compose a custom paper test on Research Proposal on Literacy explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom exposition test on Research Proposal on Literacy explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom paper test on Research Proposal on Literacy explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Understudies who need to finish a paper on education should peruse much about it. There are numerous exceptional books, articles in logical periodicals and reference books committed to the point and they will be useful for each youthful expert. In addition, one can peruse free research recommendations on education in the Internet and perceive how a decent paper resembles. on the off chance that one peruses such a paper, he will acknowledge how to create a decent paper on the theme, how to break down the issue, how to help your conclusion and how to convince the educator in the significance of your subject. Almost every free example examine proposition on money related proficiency is a decent assistance and experience for each understudy for composing an exposition on this subject.

The use of water Essay Example for Free

The utilization of water Essay The utilization of water has been consistently expanding as of late all around the globe. A portion of the reasons that represent this are because of the improvement of expectations for everyday comforts, populace extension and human exercises including however not restricted to, agribusiness, mechanical and individual utilize like, cooking, washing of vehicles and garments. In Kuwait for instance, the utilization pace of water expanded quickly extraordinarily after the revelation of oil during the 1930s. One can simply envision how a little nation with a size of 17,820 km2 and a populace of 2,505,559 (around 1,291,354 are non-Kuwaiti residents) has seen gigantic pace of increment in water. Kuwait, comprising of level desert with bone-dry soil, practically zero water system water and brutal atmosphere is situated in the Middle East locale and is portrayed by its sweltering atmosphere in summer with high vanishing rate (long season), and another about chilly atmosphere season, winter, with a little pace of downpour (short season). Before, Kuwait relied on downpour water found on a superficial level in shallow wells in light of the fact that there was no other water source. After some time, in 1905, an enormous new water limit all around was found in Hawally zone. Anyway those wells were not, at this point adequate due to the expanding development of populace and the little pace of regular downpour. In like manner, Shaat Al-Arab (in Iraq) was the elective arrangement around then using dhows (extraordinary boats) that brought new water which were put away in tanks. Along these lines, a crude system for dissemination was built up. After the primary oil shipment was affected in 1946, the riches period of Kuwait started and from that point Kuwait needed to search for elective modern arrangements. Two of the principle concerns orf the administration included accessible water and power for the country’s advancement and development extension. Truth be told the water utilization in Kuwait is isolated into two fundamental parts, new water from desalination plants, and saline water which typically originate from groundwater. Them two are conveyed to family units, ranches, water system and modern offices however in isolated funnels. In any case, saline water conveys just two days out of each week (explicit days for every town). Salty water is appropriated through system pipe lines which are corresponding to the new water circulation line and is given from the primary dissemination water framework. It is utilized for mixing with refined water, water system and finishing just as for house-hold purposes, domesticated animals watering and development work, while the new water is for the human use. In addition, the saline water is appropriated for purchasers for nothing (gratis). The utilization of the two sorts of water has expanded as a result of the development of populace and way of life advancement particularly when the oil was found and Kuwait turned into a created rich nation. News discharged by (†¦) states that the Ministry of Electricity and Water demonstrated the need of new desalination plants which target delivering 375 million magnificent gallons for every day because of the expansion of the water utilization. There were likewise reports that in the last quarter of 2006, freshwater appropriation was lower than the evaluated utilization. The clergyman additionally noticed that the utilization of new water in November 2006 was around 303. 6 Million Imperial Gallons (MIG) and in 2005 of that month it was at 279. 6 MIG. Returning to the fifties, it is to be noticed that the number of inhabitants in Kuwait was just ten thousand at that point and it stretched around 2,000,000 during the nineties which brought about an expansion of water utilization. In particular, in 1957, the utilization of new water was 648 MIG and expanded to 6638 MIG in 1970. In 1989 it arrived at 47605 MIG yet it has diminished because of the Iraqi intrusion in 1991 to 30814 MIG. The utilization of new water is continuously expanding since 1992 and arrived at 67464 MIG in 1996. For additional subtleties, the utilization rate until year 2005 is appeared in Figure 1. Figure 1: shows the gross utilization and the day by day normal utilization of new water from 1988 to 2005. Then again, 527 MIG was the utilization of saline water in 1957, and afterward it went up to 9750 MIG in 1980 and expanded in 1989 to 17998 MIG. The new water utilization diminished in 1991 because of the Iraqi intrusion, harsh water utilization has diminished for a similar motivation to 1669 MIG. Since 1992, bitter water utilization is expanding and has arrived at 19697 MIG in 1994. There was a slight abatement because of the adjustment in flexibly framework in 1995 to 15957 MIG. The utilization of bitter water in 1996 has expanded again to 17875 MIG. For additional subtleties, the utilization rate until year 2005 is appeared in Figure 2. Figure 2: shows the gross utilization of saline water from 1989 to 2005. The vast majority of the buyers got the two sorts of water by the appropriation arrange yet some of them were gotten via vehicle based (tanks) exceptionally the new towns that didn't get the dissemination organize administration yet. The dissemination arrange makes the utilization rate higher and simpler in light of the accessibility of water while shoppers from tanks have restricted water. The utilization of the two kinds of water generally increments in summer because of the parched area, extremely sweltering atmosphere and residue during the season bringing about the requirement for all the more cleaning, cooling and water system, and so on. For additional subtleties, the utilization rate every month for year 2004 and 2005 is appeared in figure 3 (new water) and 4 (bitter water). Figure 3: shows the creation and utilization of water month to month for year 2004 and 2005. Figure 4: shows the creation and utilization of bitter month to month for year 2004 and 2005. Agribusiness has not been a need contrasted with different divisions of advancement. As indicated by the shortcoming of regular assets and the accessibility of new water, Kuwait’s horticulture used to get water from the saline groundwater or some new water wells (exceptionally uncommon and some are human made) in certain spots, for example, Al Abdily, Al Wafra and Fontas. Since the presentation desalination plants and the improvement done to the dissemination systems, horticulture has created and extended. Ranches in Al Wafra and Al Abdily turned into the most noteworthy water buyers in Kuwait. These ranches are separated into two areas: †¢ Private homesteads which devours †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. †¢ Government ranches which devours †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ Meanwhile, water system for planting avenues, brightening streets, deck dress towns and open parks are likewise extending in Kuwait. A portion of these plants are flooded by a particular dissemination framework, dribble water system and others by water tanks. Kuwait is viewed as a non mechanical nation contrasted and different nations like USA or Japan yet it has some minor modern offices. A large portion of its items are delivered from oil, for example, those from plastic, aluminum, and the most significant assembling part. It must be noticed that Kuwait is probably the greatest nation in delivering oil for exportation. Oil subsidiaries are utilized to cover open needs, for example, pesticides, benzine, diesel, plastic, blacktop and so forth. This makes the Kuwait Oil Company (KOC) as the organization with the best water utilization area when contrasted and other modern offices. In 1951, the utilization of water was 80000 G/d for the KOC. At present, the creation of oil is around 2. 5 million barrels for each day and this implies the requirement for water required for oil procedures, for example, cooling frameworks, cleaning, siphoning and numerous others. Because of the development in oil creation, the mount water required has expanded strongly contrasted with the one expended in the fifties. In any case, previously, innovation was not as evolved as now, and right now part of the water utilized by the KOC originates from the oil creation wells themselves. Interestingly, while the oil is siphoned out, water comes out also however this water is normally acidic (gushing). This water is first treated to lessen its causticity to a level near the ocean water level else it tends to be unsafe to the earth. The water is then siphoned back to the ground so as to make enough strain to push the oil up. At the point when the measure of this gushing water isn't sufficient, extra measure of water (ocean water) is utilized to keep up such weight. Now and again, normal quality water is likewise created; this water is dealt with and utilized for cooling frameworks and cleaning. Another wellspring of water utilization is the desalination production lines where they use non-insignificant sum water for cleaning and cooling framework so as to proceed with their procedures (see figure 5). Figure : shows the water utilization inside the desalination plants in 2005. The utilization for families is the biggest among all and is the need worry in Kuwait. Since Kuwait got perhaps the most extravagant nation, the ways of life of the vast majority of the individuals there have totally changed. For instance, individuals in Kuwait own enormous houses and the normal number of restrooms in each house is roughly six and around five vehicles for every house (2-3 vehicles for individuals in every condo). Furthermore, the costs of water turned out to be modest contrasted and the salary of every individual. Besides, an announcement discharged by (†¦) says that Kuwaiti individuals wash their vehicles day by day for at any rate four days per week. Unmistakably, these reasons will bring about more utilization of water other than the sweltering, dry season and residue storms in summer. Consequently, the utilization of water in summer is more than in winter in light of the residue which needs additionally cleaning (the house, vehicles, materials, all the more showering and so forth) and cooling for the blistering atmosphere. It is to be noticed that the greater part of the houses in Kuwait have gardens (normal size of 8 x 6 meters), and this implies more water is required for gardens’ water system. In 1960, the mean utilization was 4851 IG for every capita and this has additionally expanded in 1970 to 9252 IG. In 1980 it arrived at 16734 IG, at that point it expanded to 29583 IG in 1992 and in the year

Facts, Fiction and Essay Samples about Green Marketing

Facts, Fiction and Essay Samples about Green Marketing The Definitive Strategy to Essay Samples about Green Marketing In case the business is attempting to get to the maximum quantity of individuals, then using social media makes the most sense. It's recognized among the crucial tool which every business is utilizing in some manner or the other. This is no more an intriguing advertising technique, instead the requirement of the hour today. Moreover, cost reduction and revenue growth has to be the two important elements to be considered at each stage of the strategy formulation. How to Find Essay Samples about Green Marketing on the Web If an organization is tasked with deciding how they need to begin a new publicity campaign, they will need to ask themselves some important questions first. By knowing this, it can make an appropriate decision on which form of media they want to use for their publicity campaign. The houses have to create alternate mode to satisfy the demand of the clients by using green selling. Most houses have begun utilizing sustainable development model that's called green selling and the majority of the worldwide organisations have acknowledged green merchandises that are environmental friendly. Going green with your marketing is simpler than you believe. In addition, the area of marketing is well-established in the united kingdom, and as a consequence, it's an acceptable setting for advanced training within this area. Green marketing calls for a holistic strategy. Get in touch with the SimplyCast sales team to find out more about our internet marketing solution and try green advertising ads today! Since all item production requires the use of energy and the creation of some sum of waste, any firm could potentially take part in green improvements and marketing. The business will utilize a price deal sale strategy by lessening the price for those services supplied by 20 percent for the initial fifty clients. By way of exam ple, higher-priced green products aren't very likely to sell well in Walmart stores, where the typical customer has only $65 dollars each week for groceries. Likewise, internet shopping offers many consumers, like the elderly and disabled, the chance to compare and get products that otherwise wouldn't be possible to do by the standard ways. In these contemporary times, companies have many possibilities for reaching out to the public to inform them about a specific product or service provided by their various organization. Quite a few recent surveys have indicated that global organizations are introducing green merchandise and services at a higher rate in order to stabilize their profitability. Studies show that most of customers are influenced by means of a brand's coloring when deciding whether to purchase or not to purchase a certain item. If you believe customers aren't concerned about environmental issues or won't pay a premium for products which are more eco-responsible, think again. Essay Samples about Green Marketing - Dead or Alive? Furthermore, future marketing and advertising managers often pursue and finish an internship while in school. It's correct that one of the tougher things to teach is the way to do library research because a specific quantity of serendipity is often involved. Today, organizatio ns are facing a variety of issues. The phase of the business's development is another determining factor. The Honest to Goodness Truth on Essay Samples about Green Marketing Essays might be lightly modified for readability or to defend the anonymity of contributors, but we don't edit essay examples before publication. Absolutely free Environmental Sustainability essay samples can be found FreeEssayHelp with no payment or registration. Reading example essays works precisely the same way! Paper surveys also go against your objective of becoming more green. The Characteristics of Essay Samples about Green Marketing A carbon footprint is the environmental effects of someone or a business enterprise. Therefore, it's important to encourage people to safeguard the surroundings through all means possible. The increase in the range of vehicles on the road was identified among the more important sources of environmental pollution due to carbon emissions generated by the burning of f uel. Last, international houses utilize green selling to reduce the level of pollution in Earth. In the end, marketers must make certain that green products are being delivered to the perfect markets. It's also important to understand what consumers have perceptions about the companies inclination to the environment friendly practices in the marketplace and also to understand what benefits they get by such practices. To begin with, green marketing must be business-wide. To understand the purchasing behaviour of consumers linked to green marketing. Green innovation is an integral part of the entrepreneurial advertising and marketing strategy, that has been developed over the last years to effectively achieve economic and societal objectives. What's more, green selling has its advantages and disadvantages. The green innovation strategy reflects the evolution of innovative green products and it's the most frequently employed strategy on the other side of the world. To understand the way the green advertising strategies are developed by different businesses. Furthermore, by marketing towards an older clientele base, a business will be targeting towards a group of people who already possesses a bigger quantity of revenue and financial stability. These solutions incorporate different techniques of communication and frequently offer an integrated CRM. They're Every company has its very own preferred advertising and marketing mix.

What Spanish Students Need To Know About Spain

The Roman Republic And The Civil War - 2122 Words

The Roman Republic was a system of procedures formed by tradition; there was no written constitution or legally binding legislation. Precedent and consensus set procedure creating the parameters for acceptable behaviour. However, it was near the end of the 2nd century BC, where the system began to deteriorate and fall, ultimately causing civil war in 49 BC. The boundaries of acceptable behaviour were stretched by politicians such as Caesar and Pompey and as a result new perilous precedents were set. Violence along with the use of an army became a political tool in the domestic, political sphere. The civil war laid on the foundations that constitutional methods proved ineffective in the face of an inadequate aristocratic government and therefore Caesar and the senate lead by Pompey used violence and rebellion against each other in an attempt to stabilise the administrative system of government and essentially control Rome. The republic itself, major events such as rebellion and revolt s and individuals and gangs further fuelled the motive for civil war. The corrupted Roman system alongside with personal issues and disagreements became the catalyst for the civil war of 49 BC and consequently set the parameters for the new dictatorial Roman world. More sources in causes The civil war of 49-45 BC was the result of unstable, paradoxical forces and unscrupulous events which effectively tore away at the Roman infrastructure and deterred and undermined the Roman republic.Show MoreRelatedWhat Role Did Civil Wars Play On The Deterioration And Eventual Death Of The Roman Republic?1777 Words   |  8 Pagesinvestigation and the goal of this research project is to answer the question; what role did civil wars play in the deterioration and eventual death of the Roman Republic? It is relevant because it shows the transition of government. The issues that are going to be addressed highlight the political unrest in the Roman Republic and the corruption of different leaders that were one in many reasons why the Republic became an Empire. This research will focus on the time period of 100 to 25 BC and the placesRead MoreThe Battle Between Carthage And Rome1728 Words   |  7 PagesThe three Punic Wars was a series of battles fought between Carthage and Rome that lasted almost a century from 264 BC to 149 BC. As Carthage had the leading power of Western Mediterranean and Rome’s control over the peninsula of Italy. However, both of the two states had different intensions over the island of Sicily leading to the battles of the Punic Wars that soon later ended in a total defeat for Carthage. With the desire of controlling the island of Sicily, Carthage would still have the dominanceRead MoreEffects Of Social Upheavals847 Words   |  4 PagesThe Roman Republic faced two great social upheavals. These two upheavals are known as the Struggle of the Orders and the civil war of the late republic. According to dictionary.com, social upheaval is defined as â€Å"strong or violent change or disturbance, as in a society† These social upheavals had a huge impact on Rome’s government as well as the citizens. The Struggle of the Orders took place from 494 B.C.E. to 287 B.C.E and the civil war of the late republic took place from 133 B.C.E to 27 B.CRead MoreThe Roman And Roman Empire1068 Words   |  5 PagesThe Roman Empire, which was centered in the city of Rome, was the most extensive western civilization of ancient times. With its major advancements and prosperity it is hard to believe that the Roman Empire suddenly collapsed and fell into a time known as the Dark Ages. After a period of struggles for the Roman Empire, the empire gradually fell. Rome was the most successful civilization of its time. Its strategic location in the center of the Italian Peninsula and the fertile plains that supportedRead MoreTaking a Look at the Second Triumvirate1536 Words   |  6 Pageswhich could dominate the Senate and the State† (Scullard) and would prove to be the final straw in an already failed Republican system. The Roman Republic was ruled by a Constitution, which relied on a balance of three elements; The Senate; the Magistrates; the Assemblies. When the balance was upset either by ambitious magistrates, armies or tribunes then civil war was the result. The Senate proved ineffectual in preventing the Second Triumvirate from unbalancing this concept thus the played a significantRead MoreRoman Republic And The Roman Empire1108 Words   |  5 PagesRoman Republic, one of the most famous republic in ancient time, established a form of government comprising three main parts: a few magistrates, a Senate, and several assemblies. R oman Republic was the period of ancient Roman civilization starting with the collapse of the Roman Kingdom in 509 BC, and ended in 27 BC with the founding of the Roman Empire. The government had representatives selected by citizen and ended because of the civil war between powerful generals including Antony and BrutusRead MoreRoman Republic As A Government1484 Words   |  6 PagesRoman Republic The Roman Republic is a government that began in 509 BC and ended in 27 BC. First of all the Romans were trying to overthrow their Etruscan king (Tarquin the Proud). Etruscan kings had ruled for 100’s of years. After overthrowing the last king the Roman Republic formed. It’s a government in which citizens and representatives were to rule. The Republic was quite different from a democracy. The Roman Republic operated as two different society classes such as Patricians andRead MoreTriumphal Arch Of Pompey The Great1556 Words   |  7 Pagesand political leaders rose to power through an unofficial alliance. Through their alliance they forever changed how the Roman Republic and Senate were run, and the history of Rome. The first triumvirate included Julius Caesar, Pompeius Magnus, and Licinius Crassus. Pompey and Crassus were both very influential military and political leaders, having both served as consuls and roman generals. Together they allied with Caesar to move him up into consul status, as well as using his power to help pushRead MoreThe Roman Empire Over Time844 Words   |  4 Pagesthings such as the mythology, religion, education, mathematics, the alphabet, and more were already established in history. The Greeks used all of the knowledge and information to empower themselves, and as a result later civilizations, such as the Romans took many things from the Greeks. Alexander was truly ahead of his times; he possessed the typical features of a Greek warrior, he also was a cunning and intellectually gifted man who influenced many. He was brilliant when it came to devising policyRead MoreChanges and continuities of Roman empire1432 Words   |  6 Pages Between 500 BCE and 500 CE, the Roman civilization experienced changes both politically and culturally. Firstly, Rome’s government transitioned from a Republic to an Empire. Later, that empire was split into two parts; east and west. In terms of changes in culture, it was impacted by the shift in religion, as the Romans shifted from polytheism to monotheism. Despite all the changes, Rome still remained culturally diverse. The Romans overthrew the Etruscans in 509 B.C.E. The Etruscans

Innovation Leadership for Employment and Education - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theInnovation Leadership for Employment and Education. Answer: Introduction Innovation leadership is considered to be a combination of various leadership styles for influencing the employees for the purpose of producing creative products, services as well as ideas (Park, Kim and Krishna 2014). This is considered to be a leadership technique or philosophy. The innovation leader plays the most significant role in this technique of combined leadership. This model was developed by Dr David Gliddon in the year 2006. The main aim of innovation leadership is to develop the organization (Krylov 2014). It helps in achieving the vision and mission of the organization at a fast pace. The organizations need to be creative and adopt the concept of innovation leadership for ensuring continuous success and remain competitive in the market. This report discusses about the concept of innovation leadership. It gives a brief overview of innovation leadership consisting of three stages. This report describes the concept of value-added innovation as well as exploratory innovation. It discusses the theories that led to the foundation of innovation leadership (Zubair et al. 2015). This report also gives an idea about the various leadership styles that fall under the concept of innovation leadership. It says that the main activities in innovation leadership are generation and evaluation of idea followed by implementation. This report gives an overall idea about the concept and emergence of innovation leadership. Discussion Brief Overview In order to understand the concept of innovation leadership it is very important to understand the concept of innovation (Tripon 2015). Innovation is the generation of unique ideas that lead to the development of viable products that can be used for certain purpose (Liang, Chang and Hsu 2014). The three main stages that are involved in the process of innovation are: i) Generation of idea: In order to be innovative one must have a unique idea that will help in producing something new and useful. ii) Evaluation: The idea that is generated must be evaluated to find out its effectiveness and feasibility (Raineri and Paill 2016). Implementation: After the idea is evaluated, it is implemented based on its feasibility. Types of Innovation There are two main types of innovation. The exploratory innovation is involved in generating new ideas that can be implemented (Benson and Voller 2014). The value added type of innovation is involved in the modification and improvement of existing ideas for overall improvement of the product and services. The ideas generated needs to be useful. Innovation is different from creativity. Creativity only deals with the generation of idea. However, in case of innovation, the idea is put to operation for developing new products and services (Nie et al., 2015). The two main types of innovations are discussed as below: i) Value added innovation: This is a type of innovation where the feature of an existing product is modified or improved. This modification is aimed at creating value. Minimum risk is associated with this type of innovation because it does not aim at creating or developing something new (Hofmans et al. 2015). Transactional leadership is appropriate in case of value added innovation. This is the most suitable leadership in this case because it does not encourage employees to take risk and experiment. However, sometimes value added innovation also might require generation of new ideas. Risk consideration is not involved in this type of innovation process. The leader in this type of innovation needs to be flexible. The leaders need to be able to change the leadership behaviors whenever required. ii) Exploratory Innovation: This is a type of innovation where unique and novel ideas are generated. This type of innovation involves the generation of new strategies as well as solutions for a business. Transformational leadership style is suitable in this type of innovation process (Harrison and Wagner 2016). The main features of this type of innovation are discovery, experimentation followed by risk taking. It is different from the process of value added innovation where existing methods are modified for adding value. This type of innovation has certain requirements like flexibility, adaptability and opportunism so that the leaders are able to give an intellectual simulation to the subordinates. The leaders are able to encourage and motivate the employees so that they are able to be creative and generate new ideas (Cunningham 2014). These leaders motivate the employees to participate in the decision making process so that they are able to discover new ideas and concepts for the be tterment of the organization. Leadership Theories The foundation of innovation leadership is based on two main theories called path-goal theory and the leader-member exchange theory. Innovation leadership combines multiple styles of leadership for improving the productivity of the organization (Hirano, Ota and Ninomiya 2017). The organizational culture plays an important role in the innovation of ideas. The two main leadership theories are discussed below. i) Path-Goal Theory: This theory advocates various kinds of leadership behaviors like participative and supportive leadership behavior. This theory led to the generation of the idea of a single leader having various leadership behaviors (Zubair et al. 2015). This theory stated that a single leader ca adopt various leadership styles for the betterment of the organization. This will help in the innovative thinking process. An innovation leadership work environment promotes open leadership styles and behaviors. These behaviors can be supportive and upward influence behaviors. These behaviors motivate the employees to be creative and develop ideas in team. ii) Leader-Member Exchange Theory: LMX theory can be considered to be one of the main building blocks of the concept of innovation leadership. This theory says that an organization needs several leadership styles for the purpose of managing various employees and motivating them to produce better. This theory believes that each employee can be tackled by following different leadership styles (Zubair et al. 2015). This theory has played a significant role in the process of innovation. A single leadership style will not be effective in the organization. In order to be competitive in nature, an organization needs to adopt multiple leadership styles. The combination of transformational as well as transactional leadership is effective in forming innovation leadership. Innovative Organizational Culture/Climate Some of the researches have shown the proof of the culture of organization. This organizational culture or climate is the arbitrator of relation between the organizational innovation and the transformational leadership. This organizational culture is also the arbitrator of relation with the performance (Hirano, Ota and Ninomiya 2017). In simple words, a particular organization should have a strong creative or innovative culture for the transformational leadership to affect the overall innovation of the organization. The term organizational culture mainly refers to the structure of an organization, the expectations of the behavior and the the normative beliefs. Encouragement of Creativity Creativity is the first step for innovation. An innovative person is successful only if he has an innovative mind. The encouragement of creativity is the most important factor in case of innovation leadership. The creativity should be encouraged at every aspect for bringing innovation to the work (Harrison and Wagner 2016). However, this encouragement of creativity is done in all the three levels. The three levels at which creativity is encouraged includes the organizational encouragement, supervisory encouragement and the work group encouragement. All the three levels of encouragement are extremely important. Organizational Encouragement The first level of encouragement of creativity is the organizational encouragement. This particular type of encouragement involves the main encouragement of risk undertaking and the generation and creation of ideas from all the levels of management (Raineri and Paill 2016). The three levels of management are the top management, middle management and lower management. The organizational encouragement also involves the evaluation of creative and innovative ideas, the identification of creativity, the reward of creativity, the collaborative flow of ideas through out the organization. All of the above mentioned involvement in organizational encouragement are extremely important aspects (Krylov 2014). However, the third point, which is the identification and the reward of creativity has the most important and recognized impact on the organizational encouragement. Supervisory Encouragement This is the second level of organizational encouragement. The supervisory encouragement mainly focuses on the roles and responsibilities of the project managers and supervisors in the achievement of goals and objectives in a particular organization. Moreover, the overall interaction within the subordinates and the supervisors is also focused or highlighted in this particular level (Krylov 2014). The supervisory support of the work of a team is also highlighted here. This particular level of organizational encouragement points out the basic and the main concepts of the transformational leadership. This type of leadership further emphasizes on the importance of the interactions of subordinates and supervisors in an innovative performance. Work Group Encouragement Work group encouragement is the third level of organizational encouragement. The main feature of this particular level of encouragement is the diversification or diversity in the background of team members (Raineri and Paill 2016). The innovative ideas normally affect the creativity of the organization as the team members are further exposed to the huge variation of unusual ideas and thus this exposure has drawn to have a positive impact on the creative thinking power. Leader Attributes/Characteristics A successful innovative leader requires various features or characteristics within him. The main attributes or characteristics of a successful leader are as follows: i) Creativity: This is the most important characteristic for any successful innovative leader. If he will not be creative in nature, it is not possible for him to become successful in life (Tripon 2015). Therefore, creativity is the most important feature for an innovative leader. ii) Expertise: This is the second most important characteristic for any successful innovative leader. If an individual will be an expert in his domain, he is bound to become a successful innovative leader in life. Planning: Planning is the most important step for bringing success in organization. A successful innovative leader always plans everything before taking any step in life. iv) Social Skills: The social skills are the next most important feature for a successful innovative leader (Krylov 2014). The social skills often help to understand the success story of an innovative leader. Types of Innovation Leadership Styles There are mainly three types of styles of innovation leadership. These three types of styles of innovation leadership include the transformational leadership, ambidextrous leadership and the transactional leadership (Park, Kim and Krishna 2014). The transformational leadership is the strongest leadership in respect to the other two. Conclusion Therefore, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, innovation leadership is considered to be a combination of various leadership styles for influencing the employees for the purpose of producing creative products, services as well as ideas. The innovation leadership is considered to be a leadership technique or philosophy. The innovation leader plays the most significant role in this technique of combined leadership. This model was developed by Dr David Gliddon in the year 2006. The main aim of innovation leadership is to develop the organization. Innovation leadership has helped in achieving the vision and mission of the organization at a fast pace. The organizations need to be creative and adopt the concept of innovation leadership for ensuring continuous success and remain competitive in the market. The above report has discussed about the basic concept of innovation leadership. It has given a brief overview of innovation leadership consisting of three stages. The abov e report also describes the concept of value-added innovation as well as exploratory innovation. The report further has discussed about the theories that led to the foundation of innovation leadership. The above report also provided an idea about the various leadership styles that fall under the concept of innovation leadership. The report also states that the main activities in innovation leadership are generation and evaluation of idea followed by implementation. The above report has provided an overall idea about the concept and emergence of innovation leadership. References Benson, P. and Voller, P., 2014.Autonomy and independence in language learning. Routledge. Cunningham, S., 2014. Creative labour and its discontents: A reappraisal.Creative work beyond the creative industries: Innovation, employment and education, pp.25-46. Harrison, S.H. and Wagner, D.T., 2016. Spilling outside the box: The effects of individuals creative behaviors at work on time spent with their spouses at home.Academy of Management Journal,59(3), pp.841-859. Hirano, E., Ota, K. and Ninomiya, K., 2017. Attitudes toward the Community and Characteristics of Leaders Managing Community-based Preventive Long-term Care Services.Kawasaki journal of medical welfare,22(2), pp.53-60. Hofmans, J., Debusscher, J., Dci, E., Spanouli, A. and De Fruyt, F., 2015. The curvilinear relationship between work pressure and momentary task performance: the role of state and trait core self-evaluations.Frontiers in psychology,6. Krylov, S., 2014. Applied Strategic Innovative Analysis as a Research Instrument of the Strategic Innovative Organization Activity Aspects.International Journal,3(2). Liang, C., Chang, C.C. and Hsu, Y., 2014. Differential effects of personality traits and environmental predictors on reproductive and creative imagination.The Journal of Creative Behavior,48(4), pp.237-253. Nie, Y., Chua, B.L., Yeung, A.S., Ryan, R.M. and Chan, W.Y., 2015. The importance of autonomy support and the mediating role of work motivation for well?being: Testing self?determination theory in a Chinese work organisation.International Journal of Psychology,50(4), pp.245-255. Park, S.H., Kim, J.N. and Krishna, A., 2014. Bottom-up building of an innovative organization: Motivating employee intrapreneurship and scouting and their strategic value.Management Communication Quarterly,28(4), pp.531-560. Raineri, N. and Paill, P., 2016. Linking corporate policy and supervisory support with environmental citizenship behaviors: The role of employee environmental beliefs and commitment.Journal of Business Ethics,137(1), pp.129-148. Tripon, A., 2015. Requirements on Organizational Encouragement and Resources for the Development of Entrepreneurial Creativity in a Glocal Socialecological System Case Study.Procedia Economics and Finance,32, pp.906-913. Zubair, A., Bashir, M., Abrar, M., Baig, S.A. and Hassan, S.Y., 2015. Employees participation in decision making and managers encouragement of creativity: The mediating role of climate for creativity and change.Journal of Service Science and Management,8(03), p.306.

Ways of gaining power in the workplace

Introduction Every person works towards becoming a leader so that one can acquire the power and influence that come along with the position. In the workplace, there is usually a lot of competition on who gets which position.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Ways of gaining power in the workplace specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This is the reason why employees work towards impressing their superiors so that they can get an opportunity to be promoted from the level they are in to a higher rank, which comes with more duties as well as more power. Power is defined as the ability of a person to compel others to change their actions in order to conform to what the person wants (Houser, 2004). Types of power There are a number of ways, through which a person can gain power at the workplace. Power gained using forceful means is considered as coercive power. This includes using intimidating and threatening actions to impo se a person’s will on other people. One can also gain power through their ability to be in charge of all the means of production at the workplace. This kind of power puts one in a capacity to make all decisions pertaining to the activities taking place at work (Jex, 2008). There is also the genuine power, which one gains because they are considered experts in their area of work. Such a position means that a person has a lot of authority both at their workplace and in the eyes of the society. These are the kind of people in power, who make it possible for others to gain some amount of power through associations. This is what is known as referent power. People with referent power attract people because they are deemed similar to those they associate with. The final type of power is what is considered as informational power. This kind is based on a person giving relevant information, in trying to influence other people, accompanied by an argument that makes sense (Raven, 2011). Ways of gaining power in the workplace The first step in gaining power is ensuring that I treat everyone I work with the same way I would like to be treated. Power works well when those you are trying to influence find one approachable, easy to get along with and understanding. I respect other employees who work under my supervision, just as they respect me. In this way, I am able to influence my employees to follow a certain way of completing a specific task without having to use any type of coercion or force because we all respect and understand each other in the same way.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More I have quite a lot of experience in my line of work and this is what has enabled me to acquire a high level of power. My fellow workmates recognize this fact and that is the reason they come to me for advice on how to handle an issue that may arise at the workplace. This i s because they know that I will assist in coming up with a solution that is workable and effective. I have never used the basis of my wealth as a means of acquiring power at the workplace. I consider myself a people-oriented leader because I always consider the people who work under my authority before I embark on making a decision that affects them. I believe I am this position of power that I have earned through my own hard work and determination. References Houser, R. M. (2004). Gaining power and control through diversity and group affiliation. Westport: Greenwood Publishing Group. Jex, T. W. (2008). Organizational psychology: a scientist-practitioner approach. New Jersey: John Willey and Sons. Raven, P. 2011. â€Å"Bases of Social Power- French Raven†. Value Based Management. Retrieved from http://www.valuebasedmanagement.net/methods_french_raven_bases_social_power.html This essay on Ways of gaining power in the workplace was written and submitted by user Myah Padilla to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the archetypical technique many times in Winter Dreams.

F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the archetypical technique many times in Winter Dreams. What is an archetype? An archetype is a noun or an adjective, an author includes in a literary work, which represents something else. For example, water represents life and growth, while dark represents the unknown or the gloomy. Many authors use this to create emphasis on certain things, such as the main conflicts and the theme, without directly stating them. This allows the reader to exercise his mind by reading between the lines and enjoy it at the same time. Another type of archetype is the uniqueness of the characters. For example, there are many archetypical characteristics for women such as the temptress, in which causes the hero downfall. F. Scott Fitzgerald uses the archetypical technique many times in "Winter Dreams."As the story begins the reader is told of Dexter's job as a caddy on Sherry Island. This information alone reveals that Dexter is lonely. The reader knows this because of the archetypical significance of island; the word island represents loneliness and isolati on.Judy - On LookoutIt is here on the island where Dexter spots Judy Jones, "The little girl who had done this was elevenbeautifully ugly as little girls are apt to be who are destined after a few years to be inexpressibly lovely and bring no end of misery to a great number of men."(Page 671) The reader infers from this quote that Judy will be the temptress, later causing Dexter to sink. However, right now Dexter has fallen in love with her just by her sight.The story continues and nine years later, Dexter meets Judy near the waters. The water symbolizes life and growth; therefore, the audience assumes he and Judy will get together. This assumption is true. "It did not take him many hours to decide that he had wanted Judy Jones ever since he was...

Reciprocating Engines In-flight Fire Wildcountry Airways Ltd. De Assignment

Reciprocating Engines In-flight Fire Wildcountry Airways Ltd. De Havilland DHC-3 Otter C-FMEL 16 - Assignment Example The case under study was inclined towards a float-equipped DHC-3 (Otter). It had departed Ontario with six passengers and the pilot on board. At an approximate height of 2500 ft. above the sea level, the pilot managed to level the aircraft, hence configuring it for the cruise flight. Within a short period of time after such a level-off, he heard a form of popping sound and a notable loss of the engine power, while the whitish-grey smoke penetrated into the cabin (Sawyer, 1971). All the aircraft instruments showed normal engine operations. On the other hand, the fire warning unit failed to activate. The pilot thus assumed that the air-craft’s engine had been marred with a cylinder failure. The passenger who was seated in the front crew reported flames that were emerging from the right corner of the entire cockpit. The pilot hence tried to radio the Flight Service Station in order to seek for advice. Thick smoke bulged into the ultimate cabin thereby causing the respiratory distress and restricting visibility. The pilot then opened the left door so as to get a proper visual view and he luckily managed to land the aircraft while it was still on fire. It landed harder but lingered upright on floats. The passengers left through the main door with the life jackets on. The entire aircraft was hence consumed by the fire within almost immediately after landing. Being the last person to get out, the pilot suffered the second degree burns while the other passengers escaped with various injuries. This scenario hence called for an in-depth analysis and research of what might have ca used such a fire outbreak. All the findings were regarded to have been linked to the reciprocating engine. The reciprocating-engine powered transport aircraft offers essential public transport networks in most parts of the world. The only mishap as per the ATSB reports and

Social Stories Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Social Stories - Article Example In this case, five students were selected to help carry out the research. Two participants were dropped from the study due to various reasons. The first was dropped from the study as he was unresponsive to the social stories. The second was dropped due to unreliability during data collection. The criterion for selection of the participants included; First, they should be either male or female with ages ranging from 12 to 15 with an autistic disorder, Secondly their social, language and academic records of the past two years should be available, Thirdly, the students should not have Asperger’s syndrome, and lastly the participants had to be verified whether they have autism using the Gilliam rating scale. The social stories created were based on consultations with special education teachers, professionals, parents, and speech clinicians. To stories were each designed to prompt the targeted behavior. In the case of one participant (Ronnie), he would read about how to stand and play with the aid of pictures and photographs. Another participant (Bobby) learned about the inappropriate high vocal pitch. Bobby would learn how to use a young man’s voice. The third participant (Cathy) learned how to put her hands down. Each of the stories utilized pictures of the participants to analyze whether their behavior would be impacted by own pictures. The staff used to carry out the test involved special education personnel and students trained in the procedures for the tests. Their aim was to provide some guidance for the participants, which involved pointing at pictures, which would serve to prompt the participants into a reaction, which would relate to the image displayed.

Intro to Linguistics Essay Example for Free

Intro to Linguistics Essay The study of human languages; including the influence of one language on another; how language and words are formed and change within time; the rules of the language- how words are formed, the structure of sentences and words; relationship between culture and language; how language is acquired- the process of language acquisition (foreigner verses mother tongue language). There are two approaches/types of linguistics: 1. Traditional Linguistics- the only field that ruled until the 20 century. 2. Modern Linguistics Traditional Linguistics. Characteristics: 1. Proscriptive approach- according to this approach, linguists tell native speakers how to use their own mother tongue- what are the rules: set norms of/ dictating the right use of the language, the rules and the right use of the language- educating the native speakers. The goal is to tell the speakers what is considered right or wrong language. 2. Focus on the written language- Most of the focus is on the written text, which is considered superior to the spoken language; the base of the rules. 3. Diachronic Research (etymology) Historical research- the study of the origins of words and languages, which reveals many connections between different languages. Due to technological developments, the influence of one language on another is even higher these days. Modern Linguistics At the beginning of the 20 century, there was a shift of interest to the following: The human languages are more complex and highly different than animal communication systems- due to amazing cognitive human communication ability (the language faculty). A known Swiss linguist, Ferdinand de Sassure- the first linguist to pose the following question: what do we know when we know a language (mother tongue)? By asking this question the focus of linguistics was shifted from grammar to the study of human language as a cognitive ability (cognitive science). The focus shifted to Language faculty ( ) and what it consists of. Characteristics: 1. Descriptive approach- we observe native speakers use the language, both in writing and in speaking, and try to draw conclusions out of it- learn about the changes that the language undergoes through time. Not interested in what should be, but rather in what IS. There is no judgment of the use, just observation and description of the current use, in order to analyze and find correlations. 2. Focus is on the spoken language- point of departure is that the spoken language is more important to the research because of the following: * It is less conscious, more natural, spontaneous and dynamic and therefore it reflects better the current use of the language. * Not all languages have a written system, but everyone has at least one mother tongue language. * The written language is less natural- one needs to study it in a very logical way; whereas the spoken language –mother tongue is acquired in a natural process, common to everyone (normally in the early years of 3-4). 3. Synchronic Research (current) the focus is not on the origin/History of the words; but on the current use of the words today. We are less interested in what happened; but rather in what is happening today. Knowing The whereas knowing about! 07/11/11 Linguistic Fields 1. Phonetics- the study of linguistic sounds (also called phones) which are consisted of consonants and vowels. The focus is on the articulation and pronunciation of sounds (independent of the letters/ graphics). How the sound is produced. It is independent of the letters (which is just the graphics). How we produce and perceive sounds. 2. Phonology- deals with sounds in interaction, and when they are brought together into words- they usually affect each other. Cats(s), dogs(z)- something very systematic- ( )) 3. Morphology- examines words structure, and the ways words are added into our vocabulary, i. e. how we form new words. Ex- dis/content/ed/ness (the parts are also called Morphemes- small units of words) 4. Syntax- deals with sentence structure and the meaning of sentences. We also examine differences between languages- the order of verb and its subject, adj, nouns etc. In addition, we examine Syntaxic Processing , for example: Without her contributions/ are hard to find. At first glance- it looks like something is missing in the sentence, when actually we did not process it in the right way- we can look at the sentence as: without her, contributions are hard to find. 5. Semantics- the study of meaning- both of words and sentences, and the logic behind them. 6. Pragmatics –deals with meaning in context- how we understand one another beyond what is actually said (the use of the language). For example: do you have the time? – One wont answer: yes; but rather tell the person what time it is. Not like the dry literate meaning, Pragmatics deal with the actual use of language – meaning in context- beyond the literate words that were actually said. 2 - : * 6 ( = 6 ) * 6 ( = ! ) 7. Discourse Analysis- Like Pragmatics, this also examines the use of language, but the focus is on the text. Written vs. spoken text; Narratives vs. expository text; the use of conjunctions; types of text; different tenses; complex vs. simple sentences; the length of sentences; vocabulary etc. 8. Language acquisition- we examine the process of acquiring a language- mother tongue and then foreign languages. How children acquire their mother tongue so quickly? How does the process happen? Which words are produced first etc. It is related to all the other fields mentioned above. 9. Neuro Linguistic- examines how linguistic knowledge is represented in the brain. For example: aphasia- brain injury that affects the part of the brain that understands linguistics. 10. Psycho Linguistic- a very big field that examines the correlation between language and psychological cognitive processes (for example: lexical retrieval). Sometimes one meaning of a word is more prominent than the other, depending on the context. For example: bug- insect/ computer related problem. The field also examines what happens when there is no context- how we associate between words and its meanings. For example: word priming- Duck-(goose/ book)- the word duck primes with goose, faster than with the word book. 11. Historical Linguistics- examines the evolution of languages, the origin of words, and the relation between languages- how they genetically related to one another (Etymology). 12. Computational Linguistics-deals with building artificial intelligence, creating models that try to imitate how language works and use it in different applications. Related to the implementation of linguistics. Information extraction, more practical. (for example: Google translate). 13. Clinical linguistics ( )- the use of linguistic tools for speech therapy, for people who have language disorders (both kids and adults). 14. Social Linguistics- the field that examines the interaction between language and society (socio economic and cultural factors). Socio-linguistics We distinguish between dialects- different varieties of the same language, as a result of many factors. Types of Dialects- 1. Geographic Dialect-changes according to region (city, country). In the states there are so many different dialects, depending on the area one grew up in. 2. Sociolect-typical for a certain group in the society, which has its own social, economic and cultural characteristics. 3. Idiolect-dialect that is typical to an individual. It is sometimes gradual, and we dont always notice it. Usually bases on imitation. Each of us speaks a little bit differently (intonation, pronunciation, vocabulary etc). 21/11/11 Linguistic knowledge- every 4-5 year old can speak the mother tongue language. Where does the ability to understand and speak a language comes from? The 2 opposed approaches argue on the source of that ability/knowledge Is it innate (genes) or acquired (comes from the environment, stimulates, feedback)? Two opposed currents in science, which have great debate on the nature of human knowledge in general. They argue on the source of the human knowledge: 1. Empiricism (John lock; Hume) -every person comes to the world, as a clean slate- have no knowledge, which means that human knowledge equals the sum of experiences. Nothing is innate, we are only equipped with the ability to respond. Everyone are born equal- with nothing innate. This means humans can be shaped- their thought can be manipulated using feedback and exposure. 2. Rationalism (Decardes)-claim that human knowledge does not equal the sum of experiences: we are born with some innate material- we are equipped with some ability, to which experience is added. Experience is not the only thing! All people are equal, but this equality is based on richness- we all share something very basic and innate, to which environment is added. At the beginning of the second half of the 20 century, the argument of human knowledge continued with regards to the human language – mother tongue (different theories): Behaviorism- As continuance of Empiricism- there was a current called Behaviorism (BF Skinner, wrote the Verbal Behavior, 1957). B. F. Skinner claimed, based on Empiricism, that Linguistic knowledge is based solely on exposure and the ability to react- to learn from experience. That means everything is acquired, nothing is in the Genes. Skinner also claimed we expand our sets of sentences, by analogy (differ in only one thing- thus it is able to expand ones use with the other). For example: a kid only heard John ate an apple- but he will be able to create the following sentence: John ate an Orange; using Analogy. This means, we learn and use language, by: exposure +analogy. - In the following sentences, configuration of who does what changes (relationships between the entities) when changing the word told to promise and still, it is automatically understood by a child in his mother tongue: John told bill to clean the room; John promised Bill to clean the room. How? -analogy is not enough to explain the above. - Noam Chomsky (Influenced from Rationalism; wrote the Syntactic Structures, 1957) -a linguistic who argued against Skinners observations, claiming Analogy is not enough; and we have to assume inborn/innate linguistic knowledge, common to all human beings (regardless of their language or culture), which is also known as the Hypothesis of innateness. The experience and the feedback are mapped on to these language biological properties (encoded in our genes). The experience and feedback are not enough to explain mother tongue knowledge! We have to add it to something innate. Language is partially innate! Evidence Chomsky proposed to enforce his theory: 1. Properties of human languages (natural languages, animals communication systems are excluded)- * Homogeneity- except for pathological cases, all human beings acquire at least one mother tongue; more or less at the same time; regardless of their region, culture, socio-economical condition etc. This implies there is something biological in the acquiring of a mother tongue language- we are all the same. * Infiniteness- language is infinite- we have the ability to produce and understand an endless number of sentences, including sentences that we have never heard before. We have the ability to expand the language (for example- we never count to 1,000,000 but we can). * Identical properties across languages- there are some properties that all languages share (therefore- it has to be in the genes, otherwise – how can it be explained? ). For example: * All languages have nouns and verbs –thus, it has to be some inborn categories. * Universal grammer rules/structures, that all languages share: * John said that Mary bought a car. What did John say Mary bought? * Bill said that John said that Mary bought a car. What did Bill say that John said that Mary bought? * John spread the rumor that Mary bought a car. What did John spread the rumor that Mary bought? Ungrammatical sentence- any speaker will know this sentence is ungrammatical- impossible in English. What prevents speakers of using the above structure intuitively (in other languages as well)? Chomsky claimed that there are universal constraints (in all grammer of all languages) that prevent it. 28/11/11 2. Properties of the process of language acquisition (mother tongue) * Process is quick and efficient- child has to acquire a very complex system of rules, and he does it by the age of 4-5. By the age of 5 he already masters the language (in comparison to the long and complex process of learning a foreigner language). It shows that there is something innate behind it, otherwise- it would have been a quick process also when learning foreigner language. * Critical period/age- there is a certain age in which the child must be exposed to a language (the innate system has to be stimulated, activated), in order to acquire it- the age is usually around 6-8, and in some extreme cases it can go until adolescence (16). If it was not activated during the critical period, the child will have no mother tongue- he will have no grammer. He will be able to communicate in a basic function, but without the richness and infinity of the mother tongue acquisition, since the brain is no longer elastic enough to acquire a mother tongue. The issue of critical period provides support for the importance of both exposer and innate theories. Chomsky agrees that exposer is crucial, but it is crucial to activate innate abilities. If it was only exposer – it would have been possible to acquire a mother tongue at any age. * Process is spontaneous/ immune against external interference- the process happens by itself and the teacher/ parent cannot manipulate it. MCNeal (1964)-research that shows you cannot manipulate childs grammer, it will eventually change by itself with exposer. * Identical stages across languages- children acquire their mother tongue in parallel stages across linguistics, more or less at the same time, regardless of the language. This shows that there is some biological aspect to the process of mother tongue acquisition we have to assume something innate in order for the process to be so universal. (First they babble, then acquire first words, combining 2 words together, then start using sentences). * Poverty of stimuli- stimuli(the input) is poor- it is not enough to explain completely how a child acquires and masters his mother tongue: a. The stimuli is partial and consists of errors- the child can never be exposed to everything, still he makes up sentences he has never heard before. What he is exposed to is limited, yet what he can produce is endless. In addition, the stimuli consist of errors- he child doesnt always listen to complete/ grammatical correct sentences: the input he hears consists of partial sentences and grammatical errors; yet the children know how to filter the errors and eventually acquire a perfect grammer. b. There is no teaching- the process of acquiring a mother tongue involves no methodological and pedagogical process (in regard to grammer). c. No negative evidence- there are mistakes that no child will ever make, even though he is not told ahead not to make them. For example: John thinks he is smart (he can be either John or somebody else) VS. He thinks John is smart (he can never refer to John). When examining language acquisition, we see children making many mistakes, but no child will ever use the second sentence when he wants to refer to John. No child will make such mistakes to begin with- they just know, without being told ahead. De Sassure was the first one to ask what do we know when we know a language? What does it mean to know a language? He distinguished between the following terms: * Langue-the rules of the language, that are agreed upon by some society. The rules of a language, but from a social point of view (a social term). * Parole-everything we use or say- the way we actually use the language (What we actually do, language wise). Linguists are generally more interested in the Langue (the knowledge). De Sassure didnt relate to the question of innateness- what abilities, if any, we have in our minds†¦ 12/12/11 Noam Chomsky used 2 other terms: Competence vs. Performance. 1. Performance: the same as Parole: performance is how we actually use the language: what we actually write or say. 2. Competence: is not exactly the same as Langue. Both relate to the rules of the language, but Langue is about the society, the community (grammer is something social, that we all agree on- social interaction creating social agreement) and Competence is about the individual (the system one has in his mind: some of it comes from the genes and some from the environment). Competence is the ability that each of us has to produce and understand an endless number of sentences. Every speaker of every language, has the ability (whether it is innate or not). The point of view of Chomsky and De Sassure is different when relating to the rules of the language. In modern linguistics- the focus is on the Langue- competence and not directly what we say/do with the language (the main goal is to crack the black box and understand how the system works). The performance is the mean to learn about the competence, not the direct end. It teaches us/indicates about the competence: the way we speak or write tells us about how the knowledge is organized in ones mind. The main question that linguists ask is: what does competence consist of? Chomskys Model: UG+EXPOSER= G. Chomsky assumes innateness and that language faculty is to some extent universal (some things are common to all languages). He Offers a SPECIFIC model for this question: When a child is born he is in the initial state. In this state, he has some specific knowledge, shared by all languages: Universal Grammer (UG) it is the grammer that is common to all languages. In addition to the difference in vocabulary, there are grammatical differences between languages: by the end of the critical period, he has more than the UG, he ends up with Particular Grammer (PG, G)- specific grammer of a specific language. There are many Gs, as many as the number of languages in the world. A child is equipped with universal grammer, common to all languages, and during the first years he is exposed to his mother tongue and how it takes place (feedback, corrections, mistakes etc)- and acquires particular/specific grammer. UG+EXPOSER= G. The G is a combination of something innate and something that comes from the environment. What does the UG consist of? According to Chomskys model, UG consists of two things: 1. Principles- rules that are innate and that are common to all languages (things that dont change at all from one language to another, such as: the existence of nasal consonants). 2. Parameters- those are also rules that are innate, and are also part of universal grammer; but in contrast to principals, these are open rules, whose values (fillings) are acquired during the exposer. The values are not common to different languages, Thus they have to be acquired via exposer. For example: in all language there is a subject in every sentence; but in some languages the subject must be a separate entity- which means the subject position is always occupied vs. in some languages the subject can be dropped (English does not allow the dropping of a subject: cant say ate an apple. We must add a subject; vs. Hebrew- represents the subject. In the French language, we are not allowed to drop the subject, even when it is known who did the action: Jai mange la pomme- the French ai is like the Hebrew , yet we still cannot drop the J: we have to have a separate entity for the subject). This parameter is called the Null subject parameter ( )- The Parameter: the subject must be pronounced separately; The Values of the Parameter: (that has to be filled- determined through the acquisition process) Yes or No. In Hebrew and Italian the value is no (in some cases, we can have a sentence without a subject), in English and French the value is Yes. During the critical period, the child is exposed to the data in his mother tongue and they acquire the values to the fixed parameters (the parameter is innate, its values though are not innate- they change from language to language and acquired in the childs critical period). Another Parameter is: * It is hot outside- * It seems that Marry is late- * There is a cat in the room- In English the occurrence of the pronouns (functioning as the sentences subject) it and there is a must: they cannot be dropped (it is not grammatical, although one will be perfectly understood if hell say it); in Hebrew, we can drop them. Even though semantically we dont need the subject, in English it must be filled. These pronouns are called: Expletive / Pleonastic Pronouns- pronouns that do not refer to an entity, but theyre only function is to fill the subject position. They HAVE NO SEMANTIC ROLE, THEY ARE ONLY THERE TO FILL THE POSTION OF THE SUBJECT. We distinguish between pleonastic pronouns and referential pronouns, which refer to some kind of entity (he, she, w, they etc). It and There are not always expletive pronouns- they can also function as referential pronouns: It is hot outside (expletive) vs. I cant eat the soup, (referential); the cat is there (referential) vs. there is a cat in the room (expletive). We can relate to it as two parameters: 1. Parameter: an expletive pronoun exists; values: yes/no. (In English- yes, in Hebrew- no). 2. Parameter: a subject is a must; values: yes/no. (We can say that if a language must have a subject, it will necessary have Expletive pronouns; and vice versa: If the subject is not a must- there are no expletive pronouns. there might be, but they will not be a must). The two things come together- * Cluster of properties- The Parameters come in clusters- one affects/ can teach about the other. The existence of Principles and Parameters strengthens the hypothesis of innateness, because it shows the occurrence of certain grammer structures is not random- there is something consistent across different languages, which therefore must be predetermined, innate. 19/12/11 Some languages require an independent subject and in addition- they have expletive pronouns (it seems that the quiz will be difficult- expletive; this soup is not tasty because it is cold. The it is referential- points to an entity). Proposition Stranding and Pied Piping Who did you speak to? can also be asked as followed: To whom did you speak? - These are two possible grammatical structures that manifest the same idea. It is not possible in Hebrew: : : This construction is called- Preposition Stranding- you desert the proposition by itself: leaving the proposition by itself at the end of the sentence. It can be viewed as a parameter, differentiating languages. Another construction/parameter is: Pied Piping- locating the proposition at the beginning of the sentence. This parameter is valued yes in both English and Hebrew (allowed in both languages). Material for the quiz is up to here! - Phonetics and Phonology- These are both fields that deal with sound and specifically linguistic sounds (phones- ) sounds that are parts of a language. Phones are divided into: consonants (b, l, r, m†¦) and vowels (e, a, i ). The differentiation doesnt refer to the letters, but to the sounds that are used naturally/ automatically. (Since the same sound can be expressed/ represented by different symbols/letters, for example: the sound K- is represented by 4 letters: k, c, q, ch. We will refer to all 4 as K). In Phonetics- Different sounds are examined in different languages: how they are produced and how they are perceived- it is a technical field regarding how pronunciation works. One sound can be expressed/ represented by different symbols/letters or one letter u represents many sounds: university, fur, put, cut etc. Conclusion: there is no correspondence between sound and symbol. Phonetic systems (systems of symbols- used for transcription- write exactly as you here it- distinguish between spelling and pronunciation) 1. International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) – a system of symbols, used mainly by linguists, in which every sound corresponds to one symbol and vice versa. 2. American Phonetic Alphabet (APA) similar, yet competing system to the IPA. These are two similar, yet competing, artificial languages/ systems, dealing with the ambiguity of the languages/ with the lack of correspondence between sound and symbol. Both systems are based on English letters, other than special sounds/exceptions (that have no one specific letter in English that prescribe them) such as: * in order to indicate/transcribe sh we use: stretched big s (IPA) or s^(APA)- (the ^ should be upside down) * ch= t+stretched big S with a bow on top of them (IPA) or c^ (APA) * for th (such as in thin) = 0 with a line across it (APA+IPA) 26/12/11 A minimal pair- * big- pig * sing- sang. * dean- teen (The only difference is the phone- t vs d. The spelling is irrelevant) * knight- light These words are different in meaning, yet they are different in only one sound. The switch of the consonant g/ p changes the meaning of the word. This kind of word pairs are called minimal pair-a pair of words that differ from one another in meaning and in one phone (sound) only. (Only one difference in pronunciation- the spelling is irrelevant) * night- knight : are not a minimal pair, because there is no difference in pronunciation. Phoneme- Phoneme- a minimal linguistic unit that can change the meaning. One of the goals of recognizing minimal pairs is to recognize the basic sounds in a language, that can cause a change of meaning. We use the tool of minimal pairs to identify and distinguish between the Phonemes of a language. Aspirated consonant ( ) * Spy vs. pie- when we pronounce pie, there is a greater puff of air when pronounced. This is also the case in: stole vs. tall (in tall we puff much more air). These are aspirated consonants, which are marked with a little h on top of the consonant. They are two types for the same consonant- the regular and the aspirated one, where we puff a greater amount of air (pie; tall). Are the aspirated consonants phonemes? (Can they distinguish between a minimal pair? -can we find a pair of words that the only difference between them is aspirated consonant vs. non-aspirated). In English, there is no such pair; yet in the Hindi language we can find several examples. Conclusions: 1. In English, they are not phonemes (vs. Hindi), because they can never occur in the same environment/location of the word, which means they are 2 manifestations/versions of the same thing. We can predict in which environment/ when the aspirated consonant will occur. 2. Minimal pairs are used to distinguish between phonemes and also to determine which consonants and vowel are not phonemes. 2/1/2012 Pig – big (minimal pair) vs. Pie, spy (not a minimal pair since there are 2 differences in pound). In English, aspirated and regular – Complementary Distribution- these two sounds never occur at the same environment/ same location of the words, which means they are two manifestations of the same thing – of the phone p. This means P is the phoneme which has two manifestations: aspirated and regular (non-aspirated). This means that this phone has two allophones. Two ways of language representation- 1. Phonemes- the general term for linguistics sounds. These are the basic sounds of a language, and are language specific (are not the same in different languages). They are part of the Underlying Representation (UR): the way and the place words and sounds in specific, are represented in our mind- in the backstage- abstract representation. The phoneme has two manifestations: one is the actual p and the other is the aspirated one. 2. What we actually say are allophones. Allophones are in the Phonetic/ Representation (PR) what comes out of our mouths (articulation). Every phoneme is also an allophone, but not the other way around! Thus, there are some things that are represented in the PR, yet are not represented in the UR (like the aspirated p). In the Ur we have the regular P phoneme, which has two manifestations in the PR: In English, the only case we see an aspirated P is in the beginning of a word and before a vowel (both must occur together). In all other case the P will not be aspirated. For example: Possible, put, pink, pan, etc. vs. apply, spring, play etc. This means the aspirated P has no independence existence- we can predict its occurrence. The default is the regular P and only in a specific environment will have an aspirated P. The aspirated P doesnt exist in the UR! Another example is: regular N vs. the back N: They cannot distinguish between minimal pairs in English- will never occur in the same environment. We will find the back n only before the sounds k and g- in specific environment, which is predictable. For ex: bank, Bangkok, rank, chunk, rang, ring, thanks, bring. The normal N is the default – will occur everywhere else, except for before the sounds: g and k sounds. These two allophones are two versions of the same thing (of the one phoneme) that never occur in the same environment- complementary distribution. N is the phoneme, which has two allophones: n and back n. We can predict exactly where each of the manifestations will occur. * The phoneme is in the UR and the allophones are in the PR. * The default is always in the UR! – The phoneme. * The allophones are always in complementary distribution- meaning they never occur in the same environment and will never distinguish between minimal pairs. You can nver find in English 2 words where the only difference between them will be n and back n. * Minimal pairs are the tools to identify phonemes. Distinctive Features 1. Aspiration The pair pal- pal (with aspirated p) in Hindi – these two words are different in meaning and in one phone only. In specific, they are different in one feature only: aspirated vs. non-aspirated. This means, they constitute a minimal pair (In Hindi). Aspiration – this feature in Hindi unlike the English, we have both – because they have independent existence- each of them is a phoneme on its own. Aspiration – this feature in Hindi, unlike English, is a Distinctive Feature- a feature that distinguishes between 2 phonemes in the same language and as a result it can create a difference between minimal pairs. Aspiration is not a distinctive feature in Hebrew and English. It is a distinctive feature in Hindi language. 2. Voicing ( )- Dean – Teen: d- Is a voice (+voice) consonant ( ) and t is voiceless (- voice). This feature, called voicing, creates different meaning in both words. Thus, it is a distinctive feature in English, because it can distinguish between minimal pairs. Minimal pair- a minimal pair is a pair of words that differ from one another in one meaning, 1 phone (sound) only, and the 2 phones must be different in one feature! 9/1/2012 Phonetic features of consonants- What makes sound/phones different from one another? Linguistic sounds are called phones, and are divided into: consonants and vowels. The difference between the two: in the production of vowels the air flows freely, however in the production of consonants the air is blocked to some extent. The speech organs- body organs that are involved in the production of phones (Lips, tongue, nose, teeth, and palate). Generally, the following are involved: the oral cavity and the nasal cavity ( ). The consonants differ from one another according to 3 criteria: 1. Place of articulation- the location in which the air is blocked and the consonant is produced (B- in the lips; T- in the tongue; P-in the lips and teeth) 2. Manner of articulation ( ) relates to the manner of the air flow and the degree of blocking. For example: n- blocked in the nose. 3. Voicing- relates to the vibration/ the lack of vibrat.

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: What It Is and My Own Personal Struggle :: Biology Essays Research Papers

Chronic Fatigue Syndrome: What It Is and My Own Personal Struggle Everyone, especially college students (and their professors), gets a little worn out sometimes. Even weeks before vacations begin, students start counting down the days until they get to finally sleep in and forget about the stresses of life for awhile. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, however, is vastly different. It is a debilitating disorder that can prohibit the sufferer from accomplishing even the most basic, everyday tasks. The symptoms of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome are various. The most obvious are constant tiredness and feeling easily exhausted. Other symptoms include frequent headaches, joint and muscle pain, chills without a high fever, depression, difficulty with concentration, and tender lymph glands. Because many of these symptoms are common to other illnesses, it makes Chronic Fatigue Syndrome all the more difficult to categorize and diagnose (1). While Chronic Fatigue Syndrome has only recently gained publicity, it isn't a new problem. What is new is its name. Researchers chose the name because it is believed that the illness is not one single disease but a culmination of many factors (1). It is believed that at least two thirds of people suffering from Chronic Fatigue Syndrome are women, primarily Caucasian women of a middle class socioeconomic background. Most people with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome relate the onset of it to a particular infection, which most often includes respiratory or gastrointestinal illness, influenza, bronchitis, sore throats, colds or diarrhea, mononucleosis, hepatitis, or jaundice. In my case, I was diagnosed after a series of having Strep Throat three times over the course of one winter. Most people recover completely from these infections, as I did, however are left feeling very weak, tired, and depressed even long after other symptoms of the infections have disappeared (2). A common factor in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome is allergy. Chronic Fatigue Syndrome patients have twice the number of allergic skin reactions as people without the illness (2). I've always suffered from allergies as a child, and at one point had psoriasis, a skin condition. Such experiences are not uncommon amongst people with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome. Various studies have been conducted concerning the immune systems of patients with Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, and differences have been found between sufferers of the illness and healthy individuals. Several studies have shown that certain aspects of the immune system in Chronic Fatigue Syndrome sufferers behave abnormally. For example, the body produces two chemicals called Interleukin—2 and Gamma Interferon, for the purpose of battling against cancer and infectious agents.

Google Analytics

Urchin on Demand, a web statistics analysis program developed by urchin Software Corporation, was used as a basis for developing Google Analytics when Google acquired Urchin Software Corporation in April 2005. This program provides powerful tracking tools for anyone with a web presence. The Customized Reporting tool can help analysts save time by allowing them to organize and present information based on specific metrics and variables Instead of slating through large amounts of data to mind specific Information. These variables allow you to collect unique data that Is most important to your business.These reports can be constructed in ways to make it easy to understand. Also included in this tool are custom alerts that will alert an individual on significant changes in data patterns or when customized thresholds are reached. The Advertising Return on Investment tool track financial goals by tracking sales and revenue and measuring them against the advertising costs. This tool is used in conjunction with two other products – Towards and Decades. Towards is a â€Å"cost-per- click† and site-targeted advertising program for banner, text, and media ads.This model of advertising Is used to direct traffic to specific websites, where the advertiser would pay the publisher of the advertisement each time the ad is clicked by a visitor. Decades Is a salary advertising program, mainly used by website publishers of all sizes to create and place targeted Google advertisements that are often relevant to the website being visited. Decades also lets the website owner provide Google search o site users, while allowing them to earn money by displaying Google Ads on the search results pages.The Sharing and Communication tool will allow you schedule or send unplanned personalized report emails that contain information that you want to share. Administrative controls are integrated to manage how sensitive data is dispensed and which reports and announcements are availa ble to users on your account. Google Analytics provides a tool that will allow an individual to visualize data being analyzed in a schematic form by way of motion charts, graphs, score cards, and there graphical methods In order to identify trends, patterns, and other comparisons.Funnels provide a way of visualizing how efficient the pages on an individual's website can â€Å"funnel† or direct visitors to the business owner's goal. It will Identify which pages result In higher drop-off rates of visitors. The pages Identified for higher drop-off rates can be analyzed to identify the cause of the drop-off in website traffic an metal to more inclemently slut ten needs AT tenet potential customers. Cross Channel and Multimedia Tracking methods allow you to track mobile websites, bile applications, web-enabled mobile devices, flash, social networking, and web 2. Applications. The internal site search function helps you identify with customer's needs in order to speed up the time t o conversion. Google Analytics will provide a business owner with the confidence to make sound business decisions about their web-based business that can be measured by hard data. This data can be used to ensure that an owner can make the proper adjustments to their business as website traffic is analyzed and the needs of their customers are identified in order to examine profits and minimize advertising costs. Google Analytics Urchin on Demand, a web statistics analysis program developed by urchin Software Corporation, was used as a basis for developing Google Analytics when Google acquired Urchin Software Corporation in April 2005. This program provides powerful tracking tools for anyone with a web presence. The Customized Reporting tool can help analysts save time by allowing them to organize and present information based on specific metrics and variables Instead of slating through large amounts of data to mind specific Information. These variables allow you to collect unique data that Is most important to your business.These reports can be constructed in ways to make it easy to understand. Also included in this tool are custom alerts that will alert an individual on significant changes in data patterns or when customized thresholds are reached. The Advertising Return on Investment tool track financial goals by tracking sales and revenue and measuring them against the advertising costs. This tool is used in conjunction with two other products – Towards and Decades. Towards is a â€Å"cost-per- click† and site-targeted advertising program for banner, text, and media ads.This model of advertising Is used to direct traffic to specific websites, where the advertiser would pay the publisher of the advertisement each time the ad is clicked by a visitor. Decades Is a salary advertising program, mainly used by website publishers of all sizes to create and place targeted Google advertisements that are often relevant to the website being visited. Decades also lets the website owner provide Google search o site users, while allowing them to earn money by displaying Google Ads on the search results pages.The Sharing and Communication tool will allow you schedule or send unplanned personalized report emails that contain information that you want to share. Administrative controls are integrated to manage how sensitive data is dispensed and which reports and announcements are availa ble to users on your account. Google Analytics provides a tool that will allow an individual to visualize data being analyzed in a schematic form by way of motion charts, graphs, score cards, and there graphical methods In order to identify trends, patterns, and other comparisons.Funnels provide a way of visualizing how efficient the pages on an individual's website can â€Å"funnel† or direct visitors to the business owner's goal. It will Identify which pages result In higher drop-off rates of visitors. The pages Identified for higher drop-off rates can be analyzed to identify the cause of the drop-off in website traffic an metal to more inclemently slut ten needs AT tenet potential customers. Cross Channel and Multimedia Tracking methods allow you to track mobile websites, bile applications, web-enabled mobile devices, flash, social networking, and web 2. Applications. The internal site search function helps you identify with customer's needs in order to speed up the time t o conversion. Google Analytics will provide a business owner with the confidence to make sound business decisions about their web-based business that can be measured by hard data. This data can be used to ensure that an owner can make the proper adjustments to their business as website traffic is analyzed and the needs of their customers are identified in order to examine profits and minimize advertising costs.

Lipids Structure, Function and Examples